Exception Handling

try:
    number = int("not-a-number")
except ValueError:
    print("Please enter a valid integer")

try:
    with open('number.txt', 'r') as f:
        text = f.read()
    number = int(text)
    result = 100 / number
except FileNotFoundError:
    print("Could not find the file")
except ValueError:
    print("File does not contain a valid number")
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("Cannot divide by zero")

try:
    file = open('data.txt', 'r')
    data = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    print("File not found")
else:
    print("File loaded successfully")
finally:
    if 'file' in locals() and not file.closed:
        file.close()
    print("Cleanup complete")

def check_age(age: int):
    if age < 0:
        raise ValueError("Age cannot be negative!")
    if age < 18:
        raise ValueError("Must be at least 18 years old")

# 1. Inherit from the base Exception class
class InsufficientBalanceError(Exception):
    """Raised when a withdrawal amount exceeds the account balance."""
    def __init__(self, balance: float, amount: float):
        self.balance = balance
        self.amount = amount
        super().__init__(f"Attempted to withdraw ${amount} but only have ${balance}")

# 2. Raise the custom exception in business logic
class BankAccount:
    def __init__(self, balance: float):
        self.balance = balance

    def withdraw(self, amount: float):
        if amount > self.balance:
            raise InsufficientBalanceError(self.balance, amount)
        self.balance -= amount
        print(f"Successfully withdrew ${amount}")

# 3. Catch the custom exception
account = BankAccount(100)
try:
    account.withdraw(150)
except InsufficientBalanceError as error:
    print(f"Transaction Failed: {error}")
    print(f"Shortage Amount: ${error.amount - error.balance}")